Texmaker is a free LaTeX editor, so it's necessary to install LaTeX apart.
Download and install the last version of Texmaker or the less recent version available through Synaptic.
To change how Texmaker builds a LaTex document go to Options
> Configure Texmaker
> Quick Build
. Then:
PdfLaTex + Bib(la)tex + PdfLaTex (x2) + View Pdf
PdfLaTex (x2) + View Pdf
PdfLaTex + View Pdf
Check spelling can be done associating a dictionary with the editor in Option
> Configure Texmaker
> Editor
. Spelling dictionary are in /usr/share/hunspell
.
Select Wizard
> QuickStart
to open a template. More often than not, article
is a good choice for the document class with features as in the image: